Listening IS THERAPY!
Here is a fantastic guest blog from Luke R Davies on Listening as therapy, Louis Gifford's ABCDEFW framework & yellow and pink flags concept.
Luke is really into movement, pain and most of all helping his patients recover with a fun and active approach to rehab and probably why we get on so well!
Enjoy!
Louis Gifford (2014)1 first put forward the mnemonic ABCDEFW as a framework to guide the clinician through important questioning regarding psychosocial risk factors.
Once red flags have been ruled out and the predominant pain type established, a distinction between adaptive and maladaptive pain can be made. Adaptive pain is beneficial to the organism and alerting to perceived threat whereas in maladaptive pain the issue is in the nervous system itself, an analogy being the 'pain' alarm has been sensitised.
Diener et al. (2016) 2 describe how psychosocial factors are often attributable to a sensitised nervous system, also known as 'yellow flags'. It can be suggested that in any case where pain has persisted beyond the expected healing times of the tissue involved that there is some element of sensitisation (Louw & Puentedura, 2013). 3Almost all tissues in the body heal within 3-6 months (Louw, 2014) 4.
Yellow flags have been shown to predict worse outcomes in clinical practice. While there remains debate within the field, it has been shown that targeting these factors as part of the intervention does improve clinical outcomes (Nicholas et al. 2011)5.
The mnemonic ABCDEFW enables the clinician to explore those factors that need challenging and potentially reconceptualising. An expansion of the mnemonic was produced by Diener et al. (2016)2 in a great paper aptly titled 'listening is therapy':
ATTITUDES & BELIEFS
Key Question: What do you think is the cause of your pain?
Information gained:
- Fear avoidance
- Catastrophization
- Maladaptive beliefs
- Passive attitudes toward rehabilitation
- Expectations of effect of activity or work on pain
BEHAVIOURS
Key Question: What are you doing to relieve your pain?
Information gained:
- Use of extended rest
- Reduced activity levels
- Withdrawal from activities of daily living (ADL) and social activities
- Poor sleep
- Boom-bust behaviour
- Self medication - alcohol, over the counter (OTC) or other substances
COMPENSATION ISSUES
Key Question: Is your pain placing you in financial difficulties?
Information gained:
- Lack of incentive to return to work
- Disputes of eligibility for benefits, delay in income assistance
- History of previous claims
- History of previous pain and time off work
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT
Key Question: You have been seen and examined for your pain? Are you worried that anything may have been missed?
Information gained:
- Health professional sanctioning disability
- Conflicting diagnoses
- Diagnostic language leading to catastrophization and fear
- Expectation of 'fix'
- Advice to withdrawal from activity and/or job
- Dramatisation of back pain by health professional producing dependency on passive treatments
EMOTIONS
Key Question: Is there anything that is upsetting or worrying you about the pain at this moment?
Information gained:
- Fear
- Depression
- Irritability
- Anxiety
- Stress
- Social anxiety
- Feeling useless or not needed
FAMILY
Key Question: How does your family react to your pain?
Information gained:
- Over protective partner / spouse
- Solicitous behaviour from spouse
- Socially punitive responses from spouse
- Support from family for return to work
- Lack of support person to talk to
WORK
Key Question: How is your ability to work affected by your pain?
Information gained:
- History of manual work
- Job dissatisfaction
- Belief work is harmful
- Unsupportive or unhappy current work environment
- Low educational background
- Low social-economic status
- Heavy physical demands of work
- Poor workplace management of pain issues
- Lack of interest from employer
Louis Gifford describes how targeting these factors identified through ABCDEFW questioning can turn otherwise indicators of a poor outcome into indicators of a good one. These have been described as 'pink flags'.
EXAMPLE
If someone with persistent pain has become dependent on passive coping strategies (bed rest, clinician 'fixing' them through passive techniques like manipulation or needling, amongst many others...) this is a yellow flag.
If these beliefs have been successfully challenged and reconceptualized then this person would move towards a much more proactive approach to managing not only their pain, but them-selves. This is a significant factor in predicting better outcomes in terms of disability5 and serves as an example of a 'yellow flag' turning into a 'pink flag'.
Listening is therapy, make sure you can guide the interaction with appropriate questioning (ABCDEFW) so as what you listen to can actually influence outcomes for the better.
Luke R. Davies :)
REFERENCES
1. Gifford, L. (2014). Aches and Pains: TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall, UK.
3. Louw, A. and Puentedura, E. (2013). Therapeutic Neuroscience Education; Teaching Patients About Pain, International Spine and Pain Institute, USA.
4. Louw, A. (2014). Why You Hurt, Neuroscience Pain Education Cards, International Spine and Pain Institute.
5. Nicholas, M., Linton, S. J., Watson, P. J. and Main, C. J. (2011). Early identification and Management of Psychological Risk Factors ("Yellow Flags") in Patients with Low Back Pain: A Reappraisal, Working group. Physical Therapy; Washington, P.737-53.
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